Abstracts

1Latin American Studies in China (1949-2019): Achievements,Transformations and Challenges

Guo Cunhai

Abstracts: Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949,Latin American Studies in China have experienced a long process of development and now is undergoing an “explosion” growthFrom the perspective of institutional development and based on the “Survey on the Development of Institutions of Latin American studies in China” and the 40-year academic database of Journal of Latin American Studies,the article seeks to fully reveal major achievements and the future trend of Latin American Studies in ChinaIt is pointed out that China made a great progress in academic infrastructure building related to Latin American studies in the past 70 years,but a “policy-oriented” research path inhibited the vitality of academic research and restricted its effects on policy makingAs a result,the production of Latin American studies failed to meet China’s demand for knowing better Latin AmericaThis gap reflects the absolute shortage of knowledge on Latin America and the relative surplus due to less-effective researchConsequentially,China’s Latin American studies are confronting the challenges of transformation in terms of research vision,methodologies and contentsIn the new era,China’s institutions and scholars of Latin American studies are in pressing need of modernizing their ideas and strengthening academic research with a broader world-wide vision,more scientific methodologies and more diversified contents,both for the purpose of enriching academic accomplishment and delivering well-grounded policy wisdom

Key words:  China，Latin American Studies,Institutional Development,Policy-oriented,Research Transformation

25The China Studies in Argentina: A Review and Prospects

Ignacio Villagran

Abstracts: With only a few exceptions,the China studies have been largely marginal in most Argentinean universitiesUnlike universities in Europe or the United States,few national universities in Argentina offered Asian Studies courses in their undergraduate and graduate programs,and even fewer included Asia-related contents in their programsIt can be attributed to the Eurocentric approach that accompanied the development of the Humanities and Social Sciences in Argentina’s higher educational institutions from their earliest stagesIt wasn’t until the first decades of the current century that several institutional developments began to take shape and allowed for the growth of the China studies in ArgentinaThis is the result of China’s growing relationship with Latin America and especially China’s role as a main investor in infrastructure projects,financial support and political cooperationThis article offers a critical assessment of the institutional developments in the field of Chinese Studies in Argentinean national universities and research institutionsBy analyzing historical and current trends in the field,it attempts to trace the lineages of Chinese studies in Argentina and predicts that the recent increase in institutional developments related to the China studies in Argentina will result in a quantitative and qualitative growth of the field in the coming decades

Key words:  China Studies,Latin America,Argentina,National Universities, Development

40Brazil and its Diverse Chinas:  How the Brazilian Intellectual has Grasped China

Felipe Camargo Gaiotto

Abstracts: The adequate comprehension of an object of analysis requires both information and knowledgeInforming and knowing are two different actionsInformation about something does not guarantee that there might be versed in somethingChina and Brazil have a long history of exchanging information about themselves,but we still have to overcome the knowledge barrierThe purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Brazilian intellectual has constructed images about China since the end of the 19th centuryOn the other hand,Brazil has not overcome the limit of building up a distinguished group of SinologistsAccess to information about China has increased in Brazil,but it has not been enough to grasp ChinaToday,Brazil has excellent experts in China,but there are no Brazilian Sinologists to grasp China of the new century

Key words: Brazil,China,Information,Knowledge,Sinology

60The “Revival” of Economic Unilateralism and the Countermeasures: The Evolution of the Trade Relations Between Latin America and the US

Yang Zhimin

Abstracts: Since the 1980s,Latin American countries have been encountering two weaves of threats of economic unilateralism from the US over the development of bilateral trade relationsWith the successive introduction of the “Trade Expansion Act of 1962”and the “Trade Act of 1974”,the methods and means of the US’ trade protectionism were changed,which highlighted the subjective color after the 1970s,especially in the 1980sIn the 1990s,in order to promote the establishment of WTO,the US tended to rely more on the multilateral trading system and began to adjust its trade policies towards Latin AmericaAt that time,most regional countries were in the transition period of development model from “import-substituted” to “export-oriented”Despite the US-Latin America trade relations entered into a new stage,the US still adopted the combined methods of multilateralism and unilateralismAfter the US’ new government took office in 2017,its economic unilateralism including trade protectionism,economic sanctions and extreme pressure,has been revived and badly hit many countries in the worldSome of Latin American counties once again became a “disaster area”.Actually,the economic sanctions on Cuba imposed by the US have been continued since the 1960s and have been escalating since 2017Facing the threats of the US’ economic unilateralism,some regional countries took the countermeasures: advocating a rule-based multilateral and bilateral trading relations;blocking the extraterritorial economic sanctions through legislation;and adhering to the open-regionalism to develop economic and trade relations among Latin America,Europe and AsiaThere are many useful enlightenments and lessons to learn from the experience of Latin America to deal with the economic unilateralism

Key words: Economic Unilateralism,Countermeasures,Trade Relations,Latin America,the United States

78Motives and Results of the Soviet Union’s Aid Policy to the Third World: A Case Study of Cuba (1959-1982)

Zhang Shengnan

Abstracts: Foreign aid is an important means to achieve a country’s foreign policy goalsDuring the Cold War,the United States and the Soviet Union competed against each other in Asia,Africa and Latin AmericaAfter the victory of the Cuban Revolution,the Soviet Union provided large-scale economic and military assistance to Cuba out of geopolitical,ideological and economic interestsThe Soviet aid consolidated Cuba’s new revolutionary regime and helped it to develop socialist construction,making it a beacon of communism in Latin AmericaAt the same time,the aid won Cuba’s support for Soviet diplomatic position,enabling it to actively support revolutionary activities in Asia,Africa and Latin America and to promote its experience in armed struggleThe Soviet Union’s “inducement” policy achieved great success and basically realized the goal of policyOn the other hand,it brought heavy economic burden on the Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union was concerned that Cuba’s radical revolutionary actions would undermine the process of detente between the United States and the SovietTherefore,it adopted the policy of “intimidation” by reducing and even cutting off aid to Cuba,but the effect was not idealThe Soviet’s aid policy in Cuba is a reflection of the Soviet Union’s aid policy to the Third World during the Cold War

Key words: Foreign Aid,Soviet-Cuban Relations,the Third World,Inducement,Intimidation

101Left-wing Governments in Latin America and the Alternatives to Neo-liberalism: Theories and Practices

Fang Xufei

Abstracts: The left-wing tide is a strong response and challenge to the hegemony and dominance of neoliberal reforms and its ideology in Latin AmericaThe left-wing governments proposed two alternative development options: one is the New Developmentalism and another is the “21st Century Socialism”.The former is more moderate and pragmatic,recognizing the advantages and disadvantages of the state intervention and respecting for the basic principles of the neoliberal market economy;the latter is bold and radical,pursuing to replace neoliberalism thoroughlyBoth carried out policy adjustments in the economic and social area,including nationalization,land reform,price control,foreign exchange control,conditional cash transfer programs,and social assistanceIn terms of regional cooperation and integration,the left governments advocated the sense of independence and opposed the dominance of the United States on the Latin American integrationOn the whole,the two alternative methods emphasized the role of the state,making social equity and redistribution the top agendas of the governmentHowever,this was a kind of rectification of the neoliberal model and the Washington consensus,and a useful exploration of the new development modelBut the left-wing government mainly relied on the windfall of the commodity boom beginning in the early 21st century,which indicated a weak and unstable basis of policy adjustmentSo they failed to establish a new development model successfully to replace the neoliberal one

Key words: Left-wing,Neoliberalism,Development Model,New Developmentalism,21st Century Socialism

119A Review of China’s Studies on Socialism in Latin America

Zhao Lin，Zhao Changwei

Abstracts: Since 2000,Chinese scholars have carried out in-depth research on socialism in Latin America from multiple levels and perspectives,mainly involving the research on the history,schools of thoughts,characteristics,and prospects of Latin American socialismGenerally speaking,the research has diversified perspectives,wide fields,rich contents and numerous achievementsBut it is confronting major challenges such as relatively weak scientific research team,insufficient number of achievements,relatively singular research content,and the failure to follow the latest research resultsIn addition,the publishing platform of this research field is relatively limited,the research projects are scattered,and the attention needs to be improvedAs far as Latin American socialist research forces are concerned,further efforts should be made in these areas to improve the overall level of Latin American socialist research in domestic academic circles

Key words：China,Socialism in Latin America,Review,Prospects

140A Study of the NEET Issue in Mexico

Xu Wenli

Abstracts: NEET (Not in Employment,Education or Training) refers to young people between the ages of 15 and 29 who neither study nor workAlthough there are some differences in statistical calibers and standards between different organizations and institutions,there is no doubt that today’s Mexican NEET group is hugeBesides,it is imposing huge impacts on the country’s economic development,social security and other aspectsMexico is one of the countries with the most serious violent crimes in the worldThe NEET group is outside the education system and the labor marketMany of them are related to drug trafficking gangs or street violenceTherefore,attention must be paid to the issue of NEETThere may be many reasons to account for this phenomenon,but in fact,it is an important manifestation of social exclusionTherefore,the government,the education sector as well as the society must implement a linkage mechanism,working together to build a social integration mechanism,and adopting anti-exclusion measures in the fields of employment,education and poverty alleviation,so as to solve this issue

Key words: Mexico,NEET,Poverty Education,Social Exclusion,Social Integration